Poverty Alleviation Strategy Essay

Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. It is a scrooge and one of the worst curses and miseries that a human can face. According to Homer. â€Å"This , this is misery! The last, the worst that man can feel†. Poverty can be measured either in absolute terms, for example, the number of those who cannot afford more than two pairs of shoes, or in relative terms, for example, the number of the poorest ten percent of house holds. In either sense it is a concept, which is defined arbitrarily . Poverty exists not only because incomes are low, but also because the needs of ertain low income households are high. Poverty has many dimensions, which include economic, political, social, environmental and human dimensions. In economic terms a county, a region or a household is poor when the per capita income of purchasing power of a poor country or household is below a certain minimum standard, there are low medical care and health facilities, productivity is very low and there is illiteracy. In political terms a country, a regionor a group of people are poor when they do not have a voice in the community or dependent on other more powerful groups or individuals in order to express their own rights and hoices. In social terms poverty in a country a region o a household breeds all types of socially unacceptable behaviors like drug addiction, crime, position, violence ad terrorism in a family or in a community, These factors degrade human self respect, moral and social values of the society as a whole and as a result more and more people in the community become intolerantand rude towards each other in their day to day life. In environmental dimension, poverty destroys the living environment not only of those who live in poverty but of all other human beings as well as non-human iving things that depend on the same resources and ecosystem on which those living in poverty depend and survive. People living in poverty cannot change their behaviors easily because of lack of resources, knolwledge about their own surroundings and education. Thus by destroying their own living environment, the poor in reality are destroying their own resources on which they survive in the long run. Poverty in its human dimension is the most important of all, because poor people live in conditions that are miserable, conditions in which some members of their family die of hunger, disease of famine. Poverty in tis human dimension exists, when a child is down with a curable disease and the parents have to take a decision whether to take the child to a doctor and buy expensive medicines or purchase other essentials of daily use. It exists when parents of a child sell their child into slavery or prostitutionbecause of lack of resources to feed or care for that child and when government institutes fail to protect the rights of the poor. Poverty has emerged as the most important issue for Pakistan. Poverty redressal requires economic growth accompanied by an improvement in access to social services. The reason that economic growth has failed to trickle down to the poor in Pakistan is the slow improvement in social indicators Economic growth and social sector development are interdependent as one reinforces the other. In fact economic growth is necessary for poverty reduction but poverty reduction itself is necessary for sustained growth. The estimates ot poverty are not consistent in Pakistan. According to caloric based calories per person), the incidence of poverty declined sharply from 46. 5 percent in 1969-70 to 17. 3percent in 1987-88. However , poverty increased significantly in 1990’s ising from 17. 3 percent in 1987-88 to 22. 4 percent in 1992-93 and further to 31 percent in 1996-97. The recent estimates suggest that poverty ahs further increased from 32. percent in 1998-99 to 33. 50 percent in 1999-2000. This shows that the incidence of poverty has increased in 19990’s. similar trends have been observed in the case of urban and rural poverty. The main reasons for increase in poverty during 1990’s can be attributed to the relatively lower rate of economic growth, rising unemployment, stagnant real wages, declining flow of worker’s remittances and bad overnance. In addition to the factors mentioned above the high population growth also puts pressure on the merge social services thereby causing social distress. Painting a broad picture of third world poverty is not enough. Before anyone can formulate effective policies and programmes to attack poverty at its source, one needs some specific knowledge of poverty groupsand their economic characteristics, It is not sufficient simply to focus on raising growth rates of Gross National Product in the expectation or hope that this national income growth will â€Å"trickle down† to mprove levels of living for the very poor. On the contrary many observers argue that direct attack on poverty by means of poverty focused policies and plans can be more effective and one cannot attack poverty directly without detailed knowledge of its location, extent and characteristics. National Economic development is central to success in poverty alleviation. But poverty is an outcome of more than economic processes. It is an outcome of economic, social and political processes. To attack poverty requires action at local , national and global levels. The following actions are equired to be taken y poor people, government, private sector and civil society organizations. Growth is essential for expanding economic opportunities for the poor. The question is how to achieve rapid, sustainable and pro-poor growth. A business environmental conducive to private investment and technological innovation is necessary, as is political and social stabilityto invite public and private investments. The poor should be empowered in the true sense. Empowerment means enhancing the capacity of the poor to influence the states institutions that affects their lives by trengthening their participation in political process, and local decision-making. It also means removing the barriers political, legal and social that work against particular groups and building the assets of poor people to enable them to engageeffectively in markets. Enhancing security for poor people which means reducing their vulnerability to such risks as ill health, economic shocks and natural disasters and helping them cope with adverse shocks when they occur. The ultimate cause of the unequal distribution of personal incomes in most third world countries s the unequal and highly concentrated patterns of asset ownership (wealth). The principal reason why less than 20 percent of their population receives over 50 percent of the national income is that this 20 percent probably owns ad controls over 90 percent of the productive and financial resources, especially physical capital and land but also financial capital (stock and bonds) and human capital in the form of better education. It follows that perhaps more important line of policy to reduce povertyand inequality is to focus directly on reducing the concentrated control of ssets , the unequal distribution ot power, unequal access to education and income earning opportunities. Policies to enforce progressive rates of direct taxation on income especially at the highest levels are, what are most needed in this area of redistribution activity. Unfortunately, in many developing countries the rich do not show a larger part of their income and assets. Further , they often also have the power and ability to avoid paying taxes without the fear of government. Pakistan is facing twin challenges of reviving growth and reducing poverty. This requires rapid conomic growth keeping in view the factors responsible for slow growth and rising poverty, the government has formulated a comprehensive economic revival programmed aimed at reviving economic growth and social development. The government has adopted a multi-pronged approach to promote pro-poor economic growth and reduce poverty. Engendering growth by correcting macroeconomic imbalances and stabilizing the economy has been made the central pillar of the government’s economic revival program. The government has adopted a sound macroeconomic framework aimed at both stabilizing the economy and stimulating growth. It comprises five building blocks namely tax reforms, expenditure management, prudent monetary policy, external adjustment and debt management. Implementing broad based governance reforms are essential ingredients of he government’s poverty alleviation strategy. Without governance reforms thee enormous tasks of reviving growth and reducing poverty cannot be addressed. Sagging growth and rising poverty are in partresults of the poor performance of the government institutions in Pakistan. In fact, poverty in Pakistan is not merely an outcome of economic ills but also a result of mis-governance over the past years. The main element of reforms are devolution of power at grass roots level, civil services reforms, access to Justice and financial transparency. The care principle of Pakistan’ poverty alleviation strategy is to empower the people and to create greater opportunities for increasing real income by improving access to productive assets mainly housing, land an credit. Access to credit is the surest way of empowering thepoor and improving their income generating opportunities. In addition to the already existing financial intuition, thegovernment has now established the Khushhali Bank† or â€Å"Micro Finance Bank† for the provision of micro credit to poor communities. The effects of sluggish economic growth are clearly reflected in Pakistan’s performance in the social sectors, Human development is essential for attracting investment and generating the capacity for future sustainable growth. pakistan’s progress on almost every social indictor e. g. education, health and nutrition is poor as compared with that of other developing countries. In order to address this situation, the government has prepared comprehensive human development strategies aimed at the effective utilization of the available resource s hrough improved institutional mechanisms.

Distinguish between positive and negative transfer Essay

Distinguish between positive and negative transfer, and give a concrete example of each to illustrate your discussion. Positive transfer occurs when something that a person has learned in one situation helps that person learn of perform in another situation. Positive transfer took place when Elena’s Spanish helped her learn French, and when Larry’s knowledge of reinforcement influenced his decision to do his homework before playing a video game, and when Stella’s experiences with note taking in history class improved her performance in geography. In contrast, negative transfer occurs when prior knowledge hinders a person’s learning or performance at a later time. This was the situation for poor Ted: He transferred a principle related to whole numbers (one number is always larger than another if it has more digits) to a situation where it didn’t apply: the comparison of decimals. Another case of negative transfer occurs when students confuse the facts related to the various wars they study in history. For example, some students in the United States believe that the American Revolution was a battle between the English and the French (thus confusing it with the French and Indian War) or between the Northern and Southern states (thus confusing it with the American Civil War).

Geographic coordinate system, Essay

Sextant- allowed users to determine their latitude to within a sea mile or two The gnomon or sun-shadow disk- operated like a sundial, enabling the user to determine his latitude by the length of the sun’s shadow cast on a disk floating level in water. The Arabian kamal- a rectangular plate that one moved closer or farther from one’s face until the distance between the North star and the horizon exactly corresponded to the plate’s upper and lower edges. The distance the plate lay away from the face—measured by a string tied to the center of the plate and held at the other end to the tip of the nose—determined the latitude. cross staff Tools used to measure longitude (Lesson 02.01) (use the first resource in this lesson to help you) Be able to list and describe the 2 main tools used to measure longitude in early navigation the chronometer- the sextant to figure longitude using the lunar-distance method Current Navigation Tools (Lesson 02.01) What tool do we currently use to determine location (latitude and longitude)? The Global Positioning System, Longitude and Latitude (Lesson 02.01) Know the ways that longitude and latitude run (N to S or E to W) and what they measure Longitude E to W – know how far east or west they were of the Prime Meridian Latidude N to S – how far north or south they were from the equator What are longitude and latitude measured in? they measure in degrees Challenger Expedition (Lesson 02.02)—Best resource link to use = â€Å"Account of the Voyage of the Challenger† Besides conducting sampling of the waters on its journey, what were the main findings from the Challenger voyage? found many new species, and provided collections for scores of biologists. What tool was used to do measure the depths of the ocean? The Challenger was equipped with 144 miles of sounding rope What are the 2 pieces of equipment used to collect bottom samples on the Challenger? At left is a shallow-water dredge, whereas a deep-sea trawl is shown at right. What was a newly invented piece of equipment used on the Challenger ship to get water samples called? Buchanan Water Sampler In which zone of the rocky shore would you most likely find only grasses and patches of lichens? splash zone What type of animal uses the rocky shore for their ‘feeding’ grounds? white-tailed deer in the winter What is the name of a plant-like species found in rocky shores? seaweed What is the special adaptation of these organisms found in the rocky shore ecosystem?—to do this, match up the following (Match the organism with its adaptation) Cky shore and tidal pools—what kinds of adaptations do they have that enable them to survive the pounding waves while staying in place, tidal changes (periods of time covered with water or periods of time with no water), sunlight exposure, evaporation of water that may leave concentrated salts behind, blending in to avoid predators What are the physical changes that occur in the rocky shore (3 main ones—think tides, salt content, and wave action)? Rock pools flat area of rock, back part forms a cliff where the front part is flat and in the water, formed by waves, wind, and rain Platform sloping shoreline where group of large rocks found on calm shorelines Boulder fields?depression left from a boulder grinding into a rock that hold water Crustaceans (Lessons 02.05 and 02.04) What 3 special adaptations do crustaceans have that allow them to survive in the rocky shore ecosystem? What characteristics do all crustaceans share (need to be specific) What is the best characteristic to help you identify a crustacean? What are the 3 main example types of crustaceans? Referenses: Baker, K. B., and S. Wing. â€Å"A new magnetic coordinate system for conjugate studies at high latitudes.† Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 94.A7 (1989): 9139-9143. Dabek, Frank, et al. â€Å"Vivaldi: A decentralized network coordinate system.† ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. Vol. 34. No. 4. ACM, 2004. Gustafsson, G., N. E. Papitashvili, and V. O. Papitashvili. â€Å"A revised corrected geomagnetic coordinate system for Epochs 1985 and 1990.† Journal of atmospheric and terrestrial physics 54.11-12 (1992): 1609-1631. Priyantha, Nissanka B., et al. â€Å"Anchor-free distributed localization in sensor networks.† Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems. ACM, 2003. Goodchild, Michael F. â€Å"Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography.† GeoJournal 69.4 (2007): 211-221.

From the assigned readings present an executive summary of the law in Term Paper

From the assigned readings present an executive summary of the law in 200 words or less, and discuss how the law is applied and - Term Paper Example One of the sub-groups of the CMS is responsible for enforcing the Program of CLIA. All the registered and non-registered medical laboratories in the U.S. are legally bound to implement the Amendments mentioned in the CLIA. In the year of 1965, the Medicare and Medicaid programs were drafted and signed into law. This draft was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson as a health insurance cover to people who are aged 65 and over. Medicare is not sufficient enough to protect many senior citizens of U.S. against long hospital stays or major health related expenses. Individuals are required to first pay $800 of hospital care and the first $100 of outpatient physician visits. If they are required to stay for more than sixty or ninety days, additional $250 per day is required to be paid for hospital care (Pauly, 2008). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which is a regulatory body, can guide employers over the issue of the health benefits. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission can authorise employers either to decrease or drop health benefits for retirees reaching the age of Medicare eligibility. Second part of the assignment: Health care has become a serious and dangerous problem in the United States of America. The costs of health have no point to stop and provide relief to Americans.

Juvenile Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile Death Penalty - Essay Example Rehabilitation of juveniles is the main aim of the juvenile justice system not imprisoning and punishing them as majority of us think. Juvenile courts are closed to the public unlike the normal proceedings that are open to the public. Juvenile court proceedings are sealed hence no one see them and they are later on destroyed when the juvenile reaches between the age of eighteen and twenty one years. In law, the news media are not usually supposed to report the name of the minor involved in a criminal proceedings. Unlike the adults' status, the minors' status has special penalties, restrictions and protection. In many western countries, the rights and status of minors is compared to the state of women and racial minorities before they acquired equal right. United States and Somalia have not ratified the United Nations Convection on the rights of the child like all other members states of the United Nations. The News Hour with Jim Lehrer presented a debate on the decision of the Supreme Court ruling to ban death penalty of murderers of under the age of eighteen years. The debate was held on March 1, 2005 the same day the ruling was made. It was presented by Gwen Ifill as she hosted Jan Crawford Greenburg - The Chicago Tribune.

Advance Software Engineering Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Advance Software Engineering - Term Paper Example We need to incorporate the awareness regarding the state of the art in project management, risk assessment models and management, of the software development process. Here we will also spotlight the duties and responsibilities of a professional Software Engineer. This whole analysis of the situation will provide a better insight into to determining appropriate criteria against which to select development strategies for specific circumstances. As introducing the company (OF-FACsystems Ltd) we find out that this company established in 2002 as a small specialist software house. Initially the company has stared the software development through the â€Å"off-the-shelf† system development methodology. In the starting days of the business of the OF-FACsystems Ltd has not adopted some better project management and development methodologies, but they were successful in the overall customer satisfaction and client convenience. As time passed the company size evolved and now company has a more bigger and better working setup regarding the development and implementation of the software products. For taking a better competitive edge and capturing the overall local software development market we need to implement better systems development methodologies and procedures for the enhanced software working and quality. This report is aimed to provide a better and deep insight into the overall better methodologies implementation and incorporation in the organization working system development areas. This section will provide a better overview of the main quality assurance and implementation criteria for the enhanced awareness of quality assurance and QMS. These implementations of the quality assurance parameters in the organization system development areas will ensure the better working style and effective management of the software development projects. Here we need to develop a critical awareness in system developer

Video games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Video games - Essay Example Infamous events have created widespread debates regarding the negative consequences of video game violence. For example, a national discussion began regarding what connection video games may have had to the 1999 Columbine High School massacre. Though many motivations were likely involved, it is not reasonable to identify precisely what motivated these teenagers to shoot their schoolmates and teachers but violent video games were mentioned as a contributing reason. With enhanced realism and the increasing tendency towards greater amounts of graphic aggression in games, people who play violent video games should be educated to the possible consequences. When video games first appeared around 35 years ago, they were simple and seemingly harmless. Atari introduced Pong during the 1970’s, a video game version of table tennis. Arcade games such as Pac-Man and Asteroids were popular in the 1980’s. The seemingly harmless nature of video games noticeably evolved to cartoon-like ghost chomping to blatant violence in the 1990’s. Mortal Kombat, the most popular game of 1993, featured accurate portrayals of human-like characters fighting bloody battles. The purpose of the player in the game, as the name suggests, was to kill the enemy. Violent games even more brutal than Mortal Kombat dominate the video game market today. Near the end of that 1980’s, a study tested 33 of Sega and Nintendo’s most popular video games determined nearly 80 percent were violent. (Dietz, 1998). The study also revealed that a troubling one-fifth of the games portrayed violence towards women. It has also been demonstrated that playing violent video games encourages the tendency of experiencing hostile thought patterns by means of the ‘semantic priming process.’ Current studies reveal that hostile behaviors occur during controlled studies using independent scientific methods and in daily life circumstances as well. The playing of violent video games un questionably was associated with an increase of violent behavior. Other studies were conducted which considered the video game patterns of university students throughout their four year career which demonstrated that when in a normal, dorm-room surroundings, playing violent video games over a four year period was the initiating factor in incidences of aggressive behavior. This increase happened, not just when playing of the game but during other aspects of their lives too. Both studies revealed that violent video games negatively affected a person’s current emotional condition and increases feelings of hostility. The similar findings of these studies give added credibility to the contention that exposure to violent video games promotes aggressive behavior. Though the inclination for increased violent behaviors cannot be scientifically proven on the basis of two studies, this evidence corroborates the results of similar research. (Calvert & Tan, 1994). When playing a video gam e that uses ‘first person’ interaction, the player typically chooses a character whose personality the player identifies with. By manipulating the action of their character a player usually tries to visualize the game from their character’s perspective. The player ‘becomes’ that character, which enhances the players enjoyment of the game. Anyone who has seen two teen boys, or their fathers, playing video games has witnessed them envisioning they are the character that they are controlling. The second rationale entails the

Advise to Crumbly Caravans Ltd Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advise to Crumbly Caravans Ltd - Coursework Example The Scottish Law of Contract, in regard to the law of agency, defines the relationship between a principal and an agent, as well as that between an agent and a Third Party, and gives clear guidelines on how each party should act towards each other, with clear stipulations of the duties and responsibilities of either the principal to the agent, agent to the principal and agent to the Third Party. The most fundamental duty of an agent towards the principal is that; the agent has a duty to follow the instructions issued by the principal to the agent fully, and perform them as instructed (Macgrego & Davidson, 2008 p17). Further, in addition to this duty, the Scottish Laws of Contract, in regard to agency also provides for the adherence to the commercial agents Regulations of 1993, which is related to the fulfillment of the European directive, requiring that a commercial agent should comply to, and perform reasonable instructions that are given by the principle (White & Willock, 2007 p22) . However, the most fundamental aspect of the duties of the agent to the principal is that; the Scottish law requires that the instructions issued by the principal should be clear and unambiguous, providing that an agent is not liable for any instructions that are not clear, or which the principal may have issued ambiguously.The ‘Crumbly Caravans Ltd.’ case, is a case of a Third Party affected by the relationship between the principal,and the agent,... The law provides that an agent must not disobey the reasonable and material instructions that have been issued by the principal, and in cases where the agent then violates this provision, then the agent becomes liable for any loss that might be suffered by the principal (Mcbryde, 2007 p77). The agent, in addition to the duty of following and performing the instructions issued by the principal, is required to perform the duty of skill and care towards the principal, where the agent must not act in a way that can cause loss to the principal (Macgregor, 1997 p272). Although the duty of skill and care may vary, it expressly requires the adherence and performance of the instructions given to an agent by the principal, in such a way as to avoid causing any loss on the side of the principal (White & Willock, 2007 p9). Nevertheless, the most significant rules applying in the Scottish law of contract in regard to the relationship between an agent and a principal are fiduciary duties, which re quires that the agent should always act in such a way, that his actions benefits the principal (Mcbryde, 2007 p72). Therefore, the agent is required to act in a way consistent with the requirement of the principal, especially regarding the duty of disclosure, where the agent is always required to disclose that he is acting on behalf of the principal (Macqueen & Thomson, 2007 p29). Another of the fiduciary duty of the agent to the principal is the duty to be loyal, and to negotiate appropriately with a Third Party where negotiations are applicable, however with a duty to conclude the deal in accordance with the instructions of the principal. Further, the agent is under duty to communicate all the information available to him to the principal

Jesus as God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jesus as God - Essay Example This paper will therefore discuss the critical aspect of whether Jesus is a God or not? Another important question regarding the Jesus is his return and the second coming. Historical records will be presented and discussed to argue that second coming can be expected with certain degree of surety however, there are certain conditions which need to be met before second coming of Jesus can become a reality. This paper will attempt to discuss as to how much sure we can be regarding the return of Jesus besides discussing as to how a Christian should lead a life. Since every religion outlines important and necessary conditions to be followed to live a religious life therefore this paper will also argue as to how much it will matter for a Christian to live a life. Jesus as God One of the key debates in the Christianity is whether the Jesus is a God or claimed to be God. In order to discuss this proposition, it is important to discuss some of the Biblical references to outline the position a s per religious scripture of Christianity. There are also other references in the Bible wherein Jesus even forgave the sins thus giving the impression that he was exercising the powers of God. There are three important incidents or references where Christ has clearly declared himself as the son of God. ... As such Jesus as the son of God therefore impliedly suggests that Jesus is God and also performed acts in his own name which can be attributed to God. For example, he cured sick and raised the dead apart from showing other miracles all of which were done in his own name. Such actions therefore suggest that Jesus and God is same thing. It is however, important to understand that Christianity as a religion started in Jews and remained a Jewish religion for considerable period of time. It is important to understand that it is generally believed that among all religions, Jews were less likely to construct an image of God as represented by Jesus. Judaism was the first monotheist religion and the foundations of the new religion were also based on same principles therefore it was unlikely that Jesus was God himself. (Ball and Johnsson). The cruxification of Jesus was also mainly due to the fact that he declared himself as God which typically was in conflict with the Judiaism therefore Jews tried him for blasphemy. How can we be confident that Jesus is returning? There are clear Biblical references regarding the return of the Jesus as Bible, at various places, has mentioned Jesus as confirming his return. Gospel of Mathew provides references to different instances or the conditions which will happen when Jesus will actually return and make his second coming. Revelation 17 actually predicts the return of the Jesus and refers to the second coming of the Jesus therefore not only the Christian beliefs suggest that Jesus will return. (Gonzalez) There are however, references to the two different and distinct concepts about Jesus i.e. the one Jesus is the physical entity whereas the second Jesus

Activity-Based Costing vs Traditional Costing Essay

Activity-Based Costing vs Traditional Costing - Essay Example The other difference between the two methods is that activity based costing is accurate because it accounts for significant issues before it allocates cost to a given product. Contra wise the traditional costing is not accurate because it only considers specific products.Activity based costing demonstrates the cost of a product cross-subsidization challenge in cases where some products costs are higher and also when other products costs are lower as compared to the traditional method produced costing. The ABC regularly demonstrates that other products cost are highly costed while others are under coasted, hence resulting in crossing subsidization.Activity based is used to progress profitability through analyzing first the clients demand products, customers may require little or considerable support. Therefore, ABC helps in determining different amounts of customer’s activities be supported, and their costs for each client benefit and, as a result, deciding customer’s pr ofitability. However, the customers benefit is determined after the consideration of the customers support. Some of the ABC disadvantages are that implementation is expensive and time-consuming to establish ABC system. The system requires more resources like software that could be costly and consultants with the necessary expertise. The other disadvantage is data misinterpretation due to challenges in interpreting ABC data with often accounting information, which can be at times tricky, regarding decision-making.